What are the supplies that early settlers in the west, Mountain Men & their families, take with them to survive?

Fur trapper and “Mountain Man” Seth Kinman (1815-1888). Photo: public domain
From a letter James Fergus wrote to his wife Pamelia Dillin Fergus listing the things she should bring to Montana. Reprinted with Fergus’ spelling preserved.
TEAMS, ETC.
3 good covered waggons
9 yoke of good cattle
1 cow
1 tent
PROVISIONS
600 lbs. flour
300 meat
50 beans
100 rice
2 crackers
300 bacon
200 ham
50 dry beef
50 cheese
50 butter
400 sugar
20 gallons syrup
50 lbs black tea
100 lbs coffee
400 lbs dried apples
100 lbs dried peaches
20 salt
40 dessicated veg. raisens
CLOTHING
One suit of good clothes for myself [James Fergus] including hat and boots
1 everyday coat
2 pr. everyday pants
2 good prs. shoes from L.F. same as I brought with me
1 pr. good boots
1 pr. good undershirts
1 pr. good woolen undershirts
2 pr good drawers
2 pr woolen mittens
12 pr good everyday shoes for [Pamelia and her three daughters]
1 pr good boots for each
2 pr boots for Andrew [the Fergus’ son]
Shoes for Lillie [the Fergus’ youngest daughter]
Stockings for [Pamelia and her three daughters]
Stockings for Andrew
Stockings for Lillie
Woolen shirts for family
Woolen drawers for family
dresses or dress stuffs
clothing or cloth stuff for Andrew
1 good strong sewing machine with an assortment of needles
saleratus
pepper spices
vinegar to use on the road
cod fish
BEDDING
Your feather beds (packed)
2 Indian Rubber Spreads to lay on the ground nights and to pack your bedding in day
Good blankets, quilts, bed ticks, pillows, etc, etc.
COOKING APPERATUS
Camp stove
Camp kettles
Tin reflector
Frying pans
Large cook stove for use here
Gold pans
Bread pan
Milk pans
Table Dishes
Matches
1/2 dozen good brooms
WASHING APPERATUS
1 wash tub
1 wash board
2 flatirons
soap
concentrated lye to make soap
starch
MISSELANEOUS
1 pr gold scales
candles 1 box
5 gallons kerosene oil
2 lamps with durable chimneys and some extra chimneys
side saddle
5 boxes pistol cartridges for my pistol
1 pr spectacles for myself
some padwilks from house
looking glass
garden seeds
flower seeds
2 half boxes window glass
2 kegs assorted nails
a few papers assorted screws
1 lb. shoe tacks
needles assorted
thread assorted
yarn assorted
Buck skin needles
Pins assorted
STATIONARY
2 reams good white letter paper
1 ream fools cap letter paper
1/2 dozen memorandum books
$5 worth stamped envelopes
2 large bottles ink
2 gold pens for girls
box steelpens and holders
school books and slates
form book (plus forms)
reading books
one or two good maps
2 doz lead pencils
extra for use on road
ox shoes and nails
tongue bolts
yoke and chains
waggon grease
tar
spirits of turpentine
whiskey for poisoned cattle and to make vinegar here
oxbows
TOOLS
My tool chest and tools. The chest may be used as a mess chest on the road
1 shovel to use on the road
1 pick to use on the road
1 hoe
1/2 dozen hand saw files
1 flat file
1 buck saw (not wood)
OTHER
shot
powder
caps
candle molds
candle wicks
sausage cutter
Source of the list: HERE
Salty’s Note: If it were available, I’d bet he would have included several rolls of duct tape.
Interesting list. It reminds me of something I read (source: a WI State-Historical Society article about fur trappers in WI and northern territories (MN, IA) from a letter by a Fur Co. Outpost Representative to the Home Office in NE USA)…that a number of their trappers were dying from eating primarily trapped “rabbit”. Rabbit is very lean meat, not much fat, and it was decided by the Fur Company Representative that the lack of dietary fat was causing quite a few Company fur trappers to die. I would think that most trapped small game would be quite lean of fats necessary for energy, warmth, lighting fuel, water repellent; though I would think that beaver would have a layer of fat for warmth in frigid water. So on Fergus’ list fats are mentioned: butter, cheese, bacon, ham, milk from the one cow (presumably inseminated from one of the “cattle” brought. Also, by the way, lots of wild weeds can kill dairy cows by causing “gas” that cannot easily travel through their 4 stomachs. I know because I worked a 1940s era dairy farm and on one of my watches a heifer died.
Another reflection that I had was about the list is the weight of this group of mentioned food supplies. Most modern homes built today cannot easily nor safely carry the weight of the foods mentioned unless they are on a rock or cement slab foundation, or unless added posts and beams are placed underneath flooring (such as from a basement to first floor, as well as under any crawl spaces. The weight of the foods mentioned is just above 3,000 lbs. That would be equivalent to about 360 gallons of water. The average bathtub might hold 80-100 gallons of water, and underneath it the flooring is reinforced to support the added weight of water in the tub plus one person. In Wisconsin and many “long-winter” states (where the wet ground freezes, and where wet frozen ground puts many 1,000s of pounds of “push-pressure” against basement walls, pushing them inwards and causing cracks in the walls, basements will not be the better places to put bags of flour, because many basements are damp with humidity, grow mold, spring rains cause water flooding to enter at the seam where the basement wall meets the floor foundation. Plenty of basements have dehumidifiers, but that only works when you have power. And the numerous spider webs in my basement think there are plenty of little bugs around to feast upon. There really is “a whole science” about food storage (e.g., weight) and canned and dry goods (humidity). Bakery flour comes in 50 lb bags, with 250 lbs per layer laying on a delivery pallet. Frying grease (corn based, or lard) comes, lined in plastic, in 50 lb boxes (can be used for frying, baking “fats”, candle wax, etc.)…just mentioning.it because I lift these things daily in my current retirement job.
Radarphos again. I continually find that “nothing” is easy in prepping, nor much of anything else, especially planning anything. LIFE is a system. You tinker with one part of a system and, whether intended or not, another part of the system is affected to a degree that complicates one’s original intentions. The best illustration of this is a “hanging mobile” above an infant’s crib–you know (I hope) that hanging toy-like-thing that wiggles every time the baby moves in the crib, or when an open window “breeze” blows. I don’t know why some adults put it there. Its traditional in my day (and my day has lasted over 65 years).
But here is the thing about this. Parents think that the baby will watch it move, but parents also ignore it, WHEN IN FACT IT REPRESENTS A SYSTEM.
What i means by a “system” is that if you pull on one string hanging from that mobile (pronounced: Moh – beel). everything it is connected to shakes alot, and since everything is also equal weighted, everything keeps shaking for quite awhile before things settle down.
The analogy is excellent for all the advice anyone has ever heard that says something like “The Second (#2 response) WORD starts the fight (argument)”. When I (still, and repeatedly still, sucker myself to speak ‘a second word’ with my wife of over 45 years, I live to regret it for hours and hours and even sometimes days). Some of you know what I am talking about. And I am talking about something like a bad smell in the air that doesn’t go away. Marriage, or partnership, or friendship, or teamwork is supposed to be about mutual interest(s), values, etc.; and about working together–all that is fine until that bad smell starts hanging in the air. And when it does hang in the air, IT IS BECAUSE YOU ARE IN A SYSTEM AND AFFECTING THE SYSTEM–and your system that you affected is going to respond.
Prepping is about imagining a SYSTEM where you don’t for sure WHAT FIRST WORD IS GOING TO BE SPOKEN–OR PUT UPON YOU)…but you believe it is coming for sure(!), AND while you intend to affect (and save) yourself and chosen loved ones from something dreadful. But if you are the chief Prepper, no one is on your page in the book about Prepping that should be called “Prepping-Systems” (excepting maybe Salty and Spice, :-).
Still everything you try to do (even explaining what you are trying to do) wiggles the System (any and every other alternative view to the subject at hand).
I am being facetious here (e.g., teasing). I wish Paranoid Prepper could have found Fergus’ wife’s letter in response to his request that she bring over 3,000 lbs of food items, and lots and lots of other goods in 3 wagons pulled by 6 cattle each, and all the goods on his shopping list! By appearances, Fergus holds the world record of “a shopping list for his wife to bring to him”, overland and possibly 1,000 miles of distance. I think Fergus’ idea and desire was right on target; but since even he was in a system, I wonder if she also brought a special odorous surprise for him for making such a grand request upon her. And, if it worked out well, I might want to meet one of the wife’s female descendants who might make a better companion than my partner wife for over 45 years (I am teasing myself now! And don’t tell my wife!).
This just goes to show you mountain men were tough, fearless, mens men. That is a heck of a list. I’m hesitant to ask my wife to stop for milk on the way home…
you can feed cows Tide or Laundry Soap if they bloat. I had two steers I raised and one bloated constantly. Just kept adding Tide to his feed. When they were 1200 they went in the freezer. In the contents of the Bloater were about 10 high density shopping bags balled up in a knot about the size of a grapefruit. I was lucky to get him to weight for vittles.
I suspect that would work on cows that ate the wrong food too, but you would have to catch it in time.